Footnotes

[89] Born in Brunswick, attended for eight years the Gymnasium Martino-Katharineum, where his father was one of the teachers, studied classical and German philology at the universities of Göttingen, Berlin, and Leipzig, 1864-1867, and for the rest of his life taught Greek, Latin, middle high German, and history at the Gymnasium Martino-Katharineum, becoming Oberlehrer in 1874 and Professor in 1886. Consult Jahrbuch für Volks- und Jugendspiele 1912, pp. 238-245; Monatsschrift für das Turnwesen, 1, 97-104; 30, 241-245. For Hermann consult Monatsschrift für das Turnwesen, 6, 321-329; 25, 130-137; Körper und Geist, 14, 421-427.

[90] When Thomas Arnold’s fourteen years as head master at Rugby Public School were ended by his death in June of 1842, cricket was the recognized summer sport at the English public schools and at Oxford and Cambridge universities; rowing was firmly established as a fall and spring exercise at Eton College, and the Oxford-Cambridge boat race was an annual affair; football was regularly played at Rugby and others of the public schools; and continuous records of the “big-side runs” of the Rugby School Hare and Hounds—forerunners of the later track and field athletics—were already five years old. By the time Thomas Hughes published his “Tom Brown’s School Days,” fifteen years later (April, 1857), all of the public schools had adopted football as the chief winter game, and the first steps looking toward organized track and field athletics as a recognized branch of public school and university sports had been taken. The annual track meets between Oxford and Cambridge date from 1864. The first of the annual Cambridge-Oxford contests in Rugby football was held in 1872, and two years later a similar series in the Association game began. (“Association football” dates from the publication of rules by the London Football Association, December 1, 1863. The Rugby Football Union was organized in London, January 26, 1871).

[91] Berlin, R. Gaertner, 1900.

[92] Consult the Deutsche Turn-Zeitung, 1876, pp. 305-310 and 313-319; and Neue Jahrbücher für die Turnkunst, 1876, pp. 94-95, 145-150, 163-186, 241-247.

[93] Düsseldorf, L. Voss & Co. Second edition, enlarged, 1882.

[94] Consult Monatsschrift für das Turnwesen, 1887, pp. 29 and 30, and Neue Jahrbücher für die Turnkunst, 1887, pp. 14-24.

[95] Hartwich’s addresses were collected and published by M. Eichelsheim, city Turnlehrer in Düsseldorf, in 1883 under the title “Reden über die vernachlässigte leibliche Ausbildung unserer Jugend von Emil Hartwich” (Düsseldorf, L. Schwann). A second edition, enlarged, was published in 1884.

[96] Opened June 21, 1882. See Neue Jahrbücher für die Turnkunst, 1882, pp. 248-249, and Monatsschrift für das Turnwesen, 1882, p. 206.

[97] The letter is published in Neue Jahrbücher für die Turnkunst, 1888, pp. 242-252.

[98] For reports of the convention consult Neue Jahrbücher für die Turnkunst, 1881, pp. 97-105, 208-212, 273-276; and Deutsche Turn-Zeitung, 1881, pp. 190, 257-260, 281-284, 301-304, 325-330.

[99] Printed in full in Neue Jahrbücher für die Turnkunst, 1882, pp. 409-412; Monatsschrift für das Turnwesen, 1882, pp. 321-325; Neuendorff and Schröer, “Verordnungen und amtliche Bekanntmachungen das Turnwesen in Preussen betreffend” (Berlin, Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, 1912), pp. 56-61.

[100] Consult Jahrbuch für Volks- und Jugendspiele, 1915, pp. 1-26; Körper und Geist 16, 33-41, and 24, 4-16; and Monatsschrift für das Turnwesen, 1912, pp. 201-208, and 1915, pp. 129-137, 193-200.

[101] Consult Eitner’s own account in Jahrbuch für Volks- und Jugendspiele, 1892, pp. 59-61 and 79-82.

[102] “Die Jugendspiele. Ein Leitfaden bei der Einführung und Übung von Turn- und Jugendspielen, verfasst von Dr. Eitner, Gymnasialdirektor in Görlitz.” Kreuznach und Leipzig, R. Voigtländer, 1890.

[103] “Ein gesunder Geist in einem gesunden Kröper. Englische Schulbilder in deutschem Rahmen nach einer Studienreise aus der Bismarck-Schönhausen Stiftung geschildert von H. Raydt, Subrektor in Ratzeburg.” Hannover, Carl Meyer, 1889.

[104] “Die deutschen Städte und das Jugendspiel. Nach den amtlichen Berichten der Städte bearbeitet von Konrektor H. Raydt in Ratzeburg.” Hannover-Linden, Karl Manz, 1891.

[105] This summons, and von Schenckendorff’s account of the formation and plan of organization of the Central Committee, are contained in the first year-book of the Committee (“Über Jugend- und Volksspiele,” Hannover-Linden, 1892), pp. 103-111. The minutes of the Berlin meeting were printed in Körper und Geist, 16, 41-47 (May 21, 1907).

[106] Jahrbuch für Volks- und Jugendspiele, 1912, pp. 1-11. Printed also in Monatsschrift für das Turnwesen, 1912, pp. 201-208.

[107] Ten volumes appeared under the latter title, and volume 11, beginning April 1, 1902, bears the new name.

[108] Jahrbuch für Volks- und Jugendspiele. The first number is that for 1892. Both organs are published by B. G. Teubner, Leipzig and Berlin.

[109] (2) Munich, July 10-13, 1896; (3) Bonn, July 2 and 3, 1898; (4) Königsberg, June 25 and 26, 1899; (5) Nuremberg, July 7 and 8, 1901; (6) Dresden, July 5-7, 1903; (7) Frankfurt, September 15-18, 1905; (8) Strasburg, July 6 and 7, 1907; (9) Kiel, July 19-21, 1908; (10) Gleiwitz, July 2-5, 1909; (11) Barmen, July 1-4, 1910; (12) Dresden, July 1 and 2, 1911; (13) Heidelberg, June 28-July 1, 1912; (14) Stettin, June 28-30, 1913; (15) Altona, June 19-22, 1914.

[110] These are the official figures. Dr. F. A. Schmidt, in a review of “Zwanzig Jahre Spielkurse” on pp. 143-152 of the 1911 Jahrbuch für Volks- und Jugendspiele, gives the totals as 14,301 men and 6233 women.